The American Way of War

The American Way of War Thesis: The United States has developed distinct American way of war. Since 1941, the United States of America had developed an American way of war based on technology, precise usage of power from distance and employment of Special Operation Forces (SOF) in order to find, fix and mark adversary forces and expose them to precise air and ground fire. Additionally, outstanding use of the Combined Arms Maneuver and incorporation of all available enablers distinguish the American way of war from other nations. The term American Way of War[1] was mentioned for a first time in early 1970s with the publication of The American Way of War written by Russel Weigley who examined the key political and military figures from George Washington to Robert McNamara and their approaches to the war. He wrote that The American Way of War seeks on the pursuit of a crushing military victory against opposing army, using a strategy of an attrition or annihilation. According to Weigley, the United States military and political leaders seek to destroy adversarys military capabilities and to conquer their capital city in order to force them to stop the war and to start postwar negotiations under already established United states terms and conditions.[2] Additionally, he made clear distinction between the United States Army and most of the European armies, meaning that the United States usually will capitalize their military victory achieving strategic success after war in order to keep or extend the influence by politics and diplomacy. Some writers argued that the United States did not develop The American Way of War and instead of the term mentioned above, they were arguing that the United States has developed The American Way of Battle[3], because the most of the western armies along with the US Army were studied Napoleon, Clausewitz, Moltke, and developed tactics, procedures and doctrines according to their way of warfare. Anyway, the one thing that distinguish the US Army from other western armies (British, German, French) especially after WW 2 was the US Army ability to bring to war more than some countries and armies could even imagine. During the WW 2, the United States Army destroyed most of the German and Japanese cities using strategic bombing on a daily base and making them incapable of conducting offensive operations and to sustain fighting for a long period of time. According to Max Boot, and his article The New American Way of War, he wrote that: the Civil War, World War I, and World War II were won not by tactical or strategic brilliance but by the sheer weight of numbers the awesome destructive power that only a fully mobilized and highly industrialized democracy can bring to bear.[4] The United States brought to the WW 2 more than many other country, and even more important, the United States were able to sustain that battle rhythm and to finish the WW 2, along with their allies as victorious. From the other side, conflicts in Korea and Vietnam shoved that the awesome destructive power[5] was not enough to achieve success, so after those two conflicts the United States Army started with the process of re building the broken army[6] examining the reasons of failure in those two conflicts and drawing lessons learned from them in order to improve negative sides and to sustain those good sides. After those two conflicts the morale, discipline and reediness of the US Army were lower and even worse than at any time in 20th Century and probably in the history of the United States Army. The Army leadership started with training and doctrinal reform and finally the adaptation of Field Manual 100-5 Operations, during 1976 was some kind of wake-up call for the Army. Even though the FM was widely criticized it brought the fundamental change in the way how army should see itself in a fight, in addition, the FM was a transition step that opened an intellectual dialogue across the Army.[7] Later on this FM was revised in 1982 and 1986 introducing and refining the Air Land Battle and soon after this concept will be proven during the Desert Storm campaign. Operation Desert Storm was turning moment and can be used as a first example how the United States developed an American way of war based on technology, an air power, usage of precisely guided ammunition (PGA), unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV), SOF and combined arms maneuver along with other enablers in order to defeat adversary forces for a short period of time and to achieve decisive victory. This operation was pure combination of combined arms maneuver supported by an air, maritime, and ground fire power, and can be connected to the traditional, firepower-intensive mode widely used during WW 2. The ground operation started with massive armored assault, after more than five weeks of precise bombing from air, land and sea guided by Special Operations Forces. During this operation the US Army adopted and proved the American Way of War, seeking a victory while having minimal casualties. The characteristics of new way of war were: speed, maneuver, flexibility, and surprise, supported by precision firepower, SOF, and psychological operations. The integration of air, ground and naval power into one synchronized matrix was more successful than the most optimistic predictions.[8] Operation Enduring Freedom is second example to explain the United States, or American way of war, based and highly dependent on technology, an air power, PGA, UAV, SOF, combined arms maneuver, and other critical enablers such as sustainment which is required for successful conduct of war. Also this operation showed ability to conduct the combined arms maneuver and to sustain operations in hostile environment such us terrain, extreme temperatures and poor infrastructure. Carefully examining terrain and the experience of the USSR during invasion of Afghanistan, the US Army did not fail into the same trap pouring ground forces into the country, and instead of making the same mistake, the US Army decided to fight with the Special Operation Forces and massive usage of precision guided-ammunition. Additionally, the SOF established connection with the Northern Alliance and provided support to fight Taliban regime. After two months of fighting Taliban regime collapsed and operation Enduring Freedom succeed. From the other side, small amount of ground forces at the beginning of operation could not cover escape routes from Afghanistan, and Osama bin Laden escaped Afghanistan with other top terrorists.[9] The operation Iraqi Freedom was even more successful compering with war in Afghanistan, and during this operation the United States Army, together with coalition forces, conducted truly combined-arms operation. Compering the numbers, Coalition forces deployed less than half size of units deployed during operation Desert Storm, anyway, it did not stop them to conquer al entire Iraq for a very short period of time with one-third of casualties and one-fourth the cost compering with the first operation. One more time the United States Army demonstrated ability to incorporate an air, sea and ground fire-power with combination of surgical strikes guided and conducted by Special Operation Forces in order to shape the battlefield for major operation. The Iraqi Forces deployed more than 450,000 troops in order to defend Iraq, it was not enough not only to slow down, but also to stop advance of Coalition Forces led by the United States Army. Doctrinally, the attacking forces must have 3 to 1 f orce ratio to be successful, and if operation is conducted in difficult terrain or urban areas, the ratio goes up to 6 to 1force ratio. In this case the Coalition forces had more than 3 to 1 disadvantage in numbers, anyway it did not stop them to achieve remarkable victory in a very short period of time. One more time the United States Army proved that the combined arms maneuver, supported with all the available enablers, is if not the only way, than definitely one among few possible ways how to conduct future military operations regardless the scale of operations, units and enablers.[10] Conclusion: After WW 2, the United States of America conducted several military operations and limited wars from Korea to Afghanistan and Iraq, and over the time has developed distinguished way of war based and highly dependent on technology and other enablers such us: air, naval and ground support discussed in this essay. Additionally, the United States Army uses every opportunity to analyze and conduct an after action reviews in order to derive lessons learned and to improve conduct of military operations. Also, ability to sustain military operations, regardless of time, differentiate an American way of war from other nations and their armed forces. So what: As LtC Steed described definition of winning as: winning is enhancing or improving interests and influence.[11] The only thing, or Big So What from this essay that I will take away is: The United States Army in case of war can bring to bear more than other countries can dream about. I would argue that having the United States of America as a true partner and friend can be really beneficial, especially for smaller countries such as Bosnia and Herzegovina. We already gained a lot benefits having The United States as friend and partner and hope to improve and strengthen our relationship in the near future. At the end I would like to mention that the World would be different without presence of The United States as leader in a free democratic world. References: https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/united-states/2003-07-01/new-american-way-war 2 Ibid 3 H307 Rebuilding a Broken army, reading H307RA, The Collapse of the Armed Forces, by Robert D. Heinl Jr. 4 H307 Rebuilding a Broken army, reading H307RB, The Post-Vietnam Army, by Robert H. Scales 5 https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/united-states/2003-07-01/new-american-way-war 6 Ibid 7 H307 Rebuilding a Broken army, reading H307RA, The Collapse of the Armed Forces, by Robert D. Heinl Jr. 8 H307 Rebuilding a Broken army, reading H307RB, The Post-Vietnam Army, by Robert H. Scales 9 https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/united-states/2003-07-01/new-american-way-war 10 https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/united-states/2003-07-01/new-american-way-war 11LtC Steed, H308 The past and prologue, March 14, 2017 [1] AN AMERICAN WAY OF WAR OR WAY OF BATTLE? Compiled by LTC Antulio J. Echevarria II, page 1 [2] Toward an American Way of War, Antulio J. Echevarria II, page 9 (PDF file) [3] Ibid, page 10 [4] https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/united-states/2003-07-01/new-american-way-war [5] Ibid [6] H307 Rebuilding a Broken army, reading H307RA, The Collapse of the Armed Forces, by Robert D. Heinl Jr. [7] H307 Rebuilding a Broken army, reading H307RB, The Post-Vietnam Army, by Robert H. Scales [8] https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/united-states/2003-07-01/new-american-way-war [9] https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/united-states/2003-07-01/new-american-way-war [10] https://www.foreignaffairs.com/articles/united-states/2003-07-01/new-american-way-war [11] LtC Steed, H308 The past and prologue, March 14, 2017

The purpose of the scene in Act 3 Scene 4 is to celebrate the coronatio

The purpose of the scene in Act 3 Scene 4 is to celebrate the coronation of Macbeth with a banquet. It gives us an insight into his state of mind Choose a scene, which you think, would be particularly effective in its impact on an audience. Discuss how this scene is presented in two different productions. Say which you prefer and why. The purpose of the scene in Act 3 Scene 4 is to celebrate the coronation of Macbeth with a banquet. It gives us an insight into his state of mind and present character, and the changes in the relationship between Macbeth and Lady Macbeth. Finally, we can look at the deteriorating evil that is vivid in Macbeth. Throughout the scene, Macbeth is haunted and hallucinating, which Lady Macbeth has no control over. At the opening of the scene the atmosphere is exceedingly pleasurable, both Macbeth and Lady Macbeth are entertaining their guests and are exceeding the roles of host and hostess. When the murders are brought to Macbeth’s attention, he hurries over to speak with them. Here we see how Macbeth’s deteriorating character move from, noble, respectful to cunning, and calculating. The language used to enquire of Banquo and Fleance were murdered was somewhat crude and vindictive, â€Å"is he dispatched.† We see Macbeth use entrapment imagery to convey his apprehension with Fleance escaping. It is clear Macbeth is alarmed now about his uncertain and indecisive future. We realize that Macbeth is anxious and fretful worrying that Fleance may seek revenge and become extremely dangerous. â€Å"There the grown serpent lies the warm that fled.† His aside is packed with animal imagery, which is used to suggest his insecurity and animal instinct. As this is happening, it is made clear that Lady Macbeth is livid and accuses her husband of being an improper host. His response is too talk of Banquo’s absence, â€Å"Where the graced person of our Banquo present.† His hypocritical tone causes the ghost of Banquo to enter which understandably frightens Macbeth and his hysterical state provokes a lot of questions and suspicions. He passes remarks like â€Å"the table is full† and â€Å"which one of you have done this? Macbeth continues in this frenzied state as he beings to communicate with the ghost, â€Å"thou canst not say I did it.† Macbeth is clearly saturated with guilt and his mind is overcome with torture and evil. â€Å"Never .. ... then rushes over to her husband to bring him back to some form on normality. In this production Lady Macbeth is a lot more composed which is the image I perceived in my head when reading the book. I found her to be the peacemaker in the relationship, so therefore this production again met my expectations of the characters. Lady Macbeth constantly tries to calm her delirious husband and restore some customariness back into the banquet. The lords are very confused in this production and talk constantly of the sights they are witnessing. Once they leave, we see a very disappointed Lady Macbeth, gazing through a distant window. The pair then walk up the stairs together with a light, the red light shines as they lay in bed together which conveys, their intimacy and closeness. It is clear now that she does not need to encourage Macbeth anymore to murder. Both productions were cleverly put together, with wonderful actors and actresses. I did enjoy the Roman Polanski version a little bit more simply because it reinforced the images I had already appreciated. The imagery used in this one, was more vivid and realistic which captured and held my attention for longer.

Activity and Disengagement Theory and Care Provision Essay

During the ageing process, the elderly can belong to either the activity theory or the disengagement theory. There are many services that can help the elderly to age in the way they wish. The services usually provide help to individuals so they can remain active, social and physical. All these things help the individual to keep physical and mentally healthy. The services may include day centres for elderly people, this would encourage them to stay active and to also be social and interact with others heir age. Services which are available for the elderly could include Nursing assistants which can help individual to become more independent, Occupational Therapy which is using specific activities to prevent disability and it also promotes independent function in all aspects of daily life. This will help the elderly remain physically fit and active. Volunteers will come and spend time with those who are disengaging, they will go for walks with them, play cards or even watch a film with them, to ensure they are coping and are not alone. Those who do this will also observe them and see what support they need. These services are there to support those who may not have many friends or family to stay socially active, these services are there to enable individuals them to remain socially active and to also make friends. Free travel passes are available for those over 60, these enable individuals to travel around their area for as long as they want. Residential care is also available for those who can no longer cope on their own at home, it allows them to interact and also go out on day trips as well as being able to se friends. These services will an able their self esteem to rise and become more comfortable. Those who do remain active, there are charities, clubs, community care and church’s that provide activities for them to enjoy. Older individuals may move into sheltered housing as the financial side may be becoming to much for them to handle as well as being alone. All services aim to make individuals self esteem and confidence rises. They all provide respect and support. These se rvices give the individual a choice as to how active they wish to be. All individuals are encouraged to stay socially active to prevent them from disengaging. The medical service provision in care homes enables the staff who work their to understand what medical care is needed when caring  for individuals. Care homes and hospitals have arrangements with the individuals GP so they can have a weekly check up to ensure their needs are being cared for. When a care home knows the residents medical history, they can be cared for in the best way possible. If a care home knows in advance who they are caring for, so they can ensure they have the right equipment and care is available for when they arrive. Managers conduct regular reports to ensure they are up to date and are caring for their residents correctly. Each place where an individual’s are cared for, there has to be a medically registered individual on site to ensure all medical situations are being done correctly, also Nurses are on call 24 hours a day. Assessments are done to ensure the residents are safe and their needs are being met.

Coma Recovery Steps And Understand The Brain - 780 Words

Madison Johnson Mrs. Phillips/ 7th period 10th Grade Honors World Literature 28 August 2016 Coma Recovery: Steps to Understand the Brain Annotated Bibliography University of California - Los Angeles. Scientists use ultrasound to jump-start a man s brain after coma: New noninvasive technique may lead to low-cost therapy for patients with severe brain injury. Science Daily. Science Daily, 24 Aug 2016. The author explains a technique called â€Å"low-intensity focused ultrasound pulsation†, is used by a device that creates energy to excite parts of the brain when recovering from a coma. The author also explains that minimal days following after the procedure, results showed that a gentlemen recovering from a coma had regained better consciousness and was demonstrating full language understanding while also staying at an affordable cost. The authors purpose is to explain a technique that is used to excite parts of the brain that help with the recovery of patients coming out of a coma. This article will work for research because this discovery is demonstrating ways of better treatment for the brain that also work at an affordable cost. American Academy of Neurology. Brain scans may help predict recovery from coma. Science Daily. Science Daily, 11 Nov 2015. In the article the author explains MRI testing on people in comas versus regular people was conducted to find connections between the different parts of the brain that control consciousness. Results showedShow MoreRelatedWas Pierre Marie, A French Neurologist?1669 Words   |  7 Pagesduring the German assault on Norway. A Norwegian woman, Astrid L, suffered a brain injury due to an explosive shell during an air-raid. Astrid’s left side of her skull splintered and exposed her brain. In result of her brain being exposed, there was damage to her brain caused hemiplegia, paralysis of one side of the body; her right side, along with Broca’s aphasia, and a seizure disorder. 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